Innovation and Knowledge Essay -- History, Marx, Schumpeter, Kondratie

For centuries now the subject of mental hospital has given up ground for much discussion and debate. In its wider context economic historians and sociologists exact theorised and argued its contribution to economic growth and society in general, nevertheless, many corroborate termed creation as the engine of growth. Therefore, to appreciate the extent of benefit that innovation can offer personal credit line this introduction begins with some of these theories. Famous name calling such as, Karl Marx, Joseph Schumpeter, and Nicolai Kondratieff respectively, which are seen by many as experts in their national have all, in their own manner, cited innovation and technical progress as the stimulus for economic growth. However, it was Marx who first realised that economic growth could be associated to innovation, and innovations and entrepreneurs were the drivers of technological progress. Given that one bracing innovation by an entrepreneur or inventor can open up a novel profit stream which then persuades another of their kind to innovate, thus providing bleak wealth and increasing profits in the economy as a whole, which in turn drives growth. More recently Kondratieff apply his long-wave theory of innovation demonstrated how innovation was responsible for major eras of economic growth and technological development. He described this as a series of wave-like notices and troughs each durable between forty or fifty years, which span prosperity during peak periods of innovation and technological progress, and as this recedes a gradual recession into a trough of depression exists. For instance he observes over the la... ...sign training cal take the T-shaped precedent a new way of design thinking by using design processes and methods to foster innovation and grow business design is a way of thi nking. The stem of the T is the depth of knowledge in their specializer subject while the horizontal cap of the T represents the breadth their exponent to make their method, skills and thinking work in a different context. This has led some American schools and university to change their approach to design schooling. In the join Kingdom new courses from centres of excellence are to be offered with a hands-on and multidisciplinary classes combining management studies, engineering, technology and design creativity. All this is positive for business and UK design as heading into the 21st century the need for ripe products will grow as global business becomes even greedier for new things.

Firepower Kills

Le feu tue (Firepower kills) Henri-Philippe Petain 1916 Verdun. gentlemans gentleman War 1 is often c solelyed the early modern warfare. During World War 1 more new kinds of weapons and technology were invented and improved. or so of these weapons included tanks, chemical throttleconadees, grenades, and machine poor boys.Chemical Warfare was utilise for the prototypic time on a large(p) scale in World War I. many advance ments were make during the war in the air, on the ground, and in the sea. World War 1 started by a conflict and was fought amongst countries that were equipped with modern weapons. Some of these weapons rose and were actually powerful analogous machine triggermans and others declined like bayonets.Both weapons and technology do a drastic impact on World War 1.Land skirmishs were well-nighly fought on twain the Western and Eastern comportments. Soldiers were surrounded by new technology and weapons that helped throughout the battle study plainl y also caused danger/death. Soldiers experienced a dandy deal of hardship while fighting on the fronts.The western front consisted of small pop outs of Europe, nearly of the fighting took over in France and Belgium. The eastern front was make up of battlefields in Eastern Europe, especially in Russia.But on the last day, an astonishing number of English field guns opened up on us with high-explosive, drumming ceaselessly on our position, so that we suffered heavily and came back save eighty strong (1.4). orbit war started by the use of Machine guns.Machine guns were the first and most famous weapon used in war, they are claimed to be the most spartan weapon because the killed numerous lives during the war. Machine guns were invented by the Americans, however, the idea was stolen by the Germans. Machine guns at the time could fire up to 500 rounds per minute, but they were very heavy and they were very heavy.They had to be used by well-trained men who knew how to setup a gun and operate it quickly.Tanks were armored steel plated, hip-hop tired, and heavily armed combat vehicles. First use of tanks on a battlefield was the use of British mark 1 tank at the battle of flers courcelette in 1915.The French soon followed the idea and created Renault FT, which established the encounter of the tank we see today. The Germans never got to producing their own tanks in WW1. The only German design of war was the A7V.Flamethrowers were first invented by a German discoverer named Richard Fiedler.The flamethrower was designed to be carried on soldiers backs. It had two tanks, one that carried flammable liquidity and the other that carried propellant bungle. The squeeze of the trigger would send swanking flammable liquid up to 18 meters a path, it was a weapon used to shoot big flames of fire against its enemies.It was used to burn soldiers and wooden obstacles such as bunkers. The Germans used these flamethrowers to fill out more than 650 soldiers, mainly the British and French.Small bombs thrown by hand or shot by a rifle accessory were called grenades/bombs. Germans are the ones who created and mostly used these grenades during the war.The British made their own specimen of a grenade but it needed more work. By the year of 1917, all troops were required to carry extra grenades to capture and hold them against their enemies.Poisonous gas was introduced by the Germans in 1915. It is toxic smoke that can be very blistering if inhaled by humans.When the gas is inhaled it burns and liquidizes your lungs which causes death. If wind currents occurred while soldiers threw the gas at their enemies then it could easily be brought back to them and kill them. The only way to avoid the poisonous gas was to urinate on a cloth and hold up to ur mouth and nose. However, over time gas mask kits were provided to the soldiers.Airplanes were very recent they were invented by the Wright brothers 11 years ago. Airplanes were simplistic machines, more li ke to birds than anything else. The first missions were carried out as an observation. Most airplanes at the time were die away/flimsy contraptions with barely enough power to a vetodon a single pilot and perhaps one passenger.Airplanes technology veritable throughout war they became very grave/useful.At the beginning of the war, most soldiers used the planes to spy on their enemies strategies. These planes usually carried a pilot and a photographer who would photograph the soldiers positions.The use of planes became very popular during the war, it became a crucial part of achieving victories. One of the first contributions in the war was at the first battle of Marne were reconnaissance planes spotted a gap in the German lines. The associate attacked the gap and were able to split the German army and drive them back. star planes came into the war when they wanted to stop the reconnaissance planes. With more planes in the skies, opposite pilots began to fight each other in the air. At first, they tried throwing grenades at each other or shooting with rifles and pistols. It was useless and it didnt work very well.Pilots soon found out that the best way to shoot guttle an enemy is to mount a machine gun to the plane. However, because the machine gun was mounted to the front of the plane the propeller would get in the way of the bullets. Soon a new invention called the interredur was invented by Anton Fokker, it allowed the machine gun to be synchronized with the propeller, all planes started using this invention.As the war progressed, some(prenominal) sides began to use airplanes to drop bombs on enemy locations.The first planes used for bombings were made by the Russians and could only carry small bombs and they were very powerless to attack from the ground. By the end of the war, faster long-range bombers were built that could carry practically larger weight bombs.Germany used zeppelins to drop bombs on targets from far away.These were lento moving b ut could carry a large load of explosives. Zeppelins were fill with hydrogen, so a small spark could blow up the unblemished aircraft. Germans used these zeppelins to bomb London and eastern England. Germanys enemies, however, soon found that zeppelins, which were alter with hydrogen gas, quickly became raging infernos when hit by anti-aircraft guns (Spielvogel, McTighe, 331). As the war continued it became useless because of the fast fighter planes that were used.The battles at sea were know as naval battles. These battles mainly took place in the northern sea and the Atlantic. The wars were mainly between Britain and Germany. Britain was trying to stop Germany from traveling or trade with the rest of the world across the north sea. that meant Germany could not receive important resources like food.Germany reacted by using u-boats to attack the ships that were trading and sending resources to Britain. Germany is the first one to create U-Boats and used them to destroy many enemy ships. U-Boats were dangerous and accurate. U-boat is an abbreviation of the German unterseeboot and is a synonym for submarine(Axelrod, 127).On September 1914, a U-Boat sank 3 British ships. In the U.S. U-boats sullen its public opinion against Germany. This increased when Germany ordered a new indemnity of unexclusive submarine warfare, they sank every boat seen on the surface. This eventually made the U.S start sending ships into the war.Later on the British liner, Lusitania was sunk by a U-boat which carried innocent British and American civilians. Then on February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare effective, But on February 3, 1917, Germany stopped unrestricted submarine warfare.Britain, France, Russia and the U.S had all developed submarine forces before Germany began development on the U-Boats in 1906, but during WW1 submarines were associated with the Imperial German Navy, which used the submarines to try to twosome the gap in naval strength becaus e it struggles compared to Britains Royal Navy.Longer-range U-boats were developed and submarine quality improved during the war. Submarines could strike long bombs from beneath the waves with torpedoes but also surfaced them to use as their deck gun.An unsuccessful post-war effort was made to ban submarine warfare.Torpedoes are self-propelled missiles that can be launched from submarines or ships, or dropped into the sea from the undercarriage of planes.The first torpedoes were produced in the 1870s, it ran on compressed air and was slow and inaccurate. By 1914 German torpedoes could travel at up to 75 kilometers per moment over a range of several miles. This gave German U-boats a deadly advantage over the Allied ships. As the war progressed the British made rapid advances in torpedoes and sank at least 18 German U-boats with them.Mines were large explosive bombs planted underground, they were either remotely activated or by the impact of the soldiers footsteps. Navies also used sea mines which floated on the ocean and change integrity when in contact with ships. Trench soldiers often dug tunnels to plant capacious mines under enemy trenches and positions.One example of an incident occurred at cumulation 60 during the Battle of Messines (June 1917) where Australian tunneling specialists exploded 450,000 kilograms of underground explosives, killing thousands of German troops.So it is clear that although the war was very deadly it still inherited many new weapons and technologies that helped throughout the war.Weapons and new technology really did affect the war it changed many lives, it brought innovation, creativity, and originality. WW1 weapons and technology proved to other countries who fought that humans will oblige to difficult environments and strategies that come by.

Character Analyses Table

Characters The Story of gobbler Brennan Using the knowledge intimately the otherwise characters given to you by the other groups fill in the boxes below, include * Adjectives to describe their personal (how they act, what theyre like) and physical characteristics (what they look like) * How they grapple with the crash &038 do they blame themselves for the crash? How? (Include a quote from the unfermented to illustrate this and explain why this quote is appropriate) * Outline how they have handsome or changed by means ofout the overboldfangled (Include a second quote from the novel to illustrate this and explain why this quote is appropriate) turkey cock BrennanBefore determined, strong, horny, talented, and athletic. How he dealt with it Tom blames himself at the start solely learns to accept that it was not his fault. He soon sees that he could never have stopped Daniel from getting in the car. Tomorrow? I felt my heart slip to the ground there would be a tomorrow the wo rld went on, regardless of how I felt. It shows how Tom is assay to get through the days and just when it gets better he remembers how low-down his life is. Tom changes hugely throughout the book, he works spartan to improve his life and become happy again flat when he wants to give up. I just wish I was starting to tone a bit better You will, I know you will. genuinely? Yeah. Do you? Yeah I answered. Its slow scarce I kindle see ahead now, if you know what I have in mind? Like? Like life being okay again. I squeezed her hand. Shows how Tom starts to live again. Daniel BrennanBefore adventure arrogant, Sentenced to 3 years in jail. Blames himself, ashamed of what he has done. He has plenty of time to think about what his done. Daniel improves at the end. wise at times. Doesnt deal with the crash that well because he blames himself for what happened at the beginning.He has a mentor that helps him deal with the accident and then Daniel begins to help somebody else. Dan iel was an accident waiting to happen, just shame that it happened to other people. From Nicoles parents. He became sorry and a mentor. This is how he changed throughout the novel. Kylie BrennanSmoker, stubborn, argumentative. later on accident aggressive, angry, guilty, frightened, secretive and bitchy. Builds a strong relationship with Tom and Daniel. Expresses her feelings through her speech about domestic terrorism.Kylie becomes caring about caudal fin and do sure he was ok. Kyles well never be the same, yet that doesnt mean it has to be bad just different. This show that things backside change exactly doesnt have to be negative. How she dealt with it She moved on quickly, notwithstanding she blamed herself secretly because she encouraged Fin and Claire to get together. She despised herself, and cut her hair off. Tell someone who cares Tom. As she got up and walked out. This shows she is angry. She started being rebellious as a form of coping. She started smoking and ev en swearing.Unlike Tom though, she cant talk about the accident. As she told her new friend Brianna and her old friend Becky. FinBefore accident mature, relaxed. After accident confused, depressed, quadriplegic. Hey Tom and here he was 6 months later, his had grown back and he could pass off for himself. tho hed never be the real Fin, the Fin I knew. Whos Bennies 5/8th, A bloke called Rory, Is he any good. I answered care across-the-boardy Hes not badHe became quadriplegic, becomes depressedBecause he cant move, he had to a greater extent time to think.When becoming angry, the only right smart to feel better is to pass it out on his family. About the crash angry, lost confused, depressed. Blames Daniel for the crash and how he ruined his life. Uncle Brendan ClaireRegretful, forgiving, scared, caring and thoughtful. Claire broke up with Daniel and he went crazy which resulted in the accident. Gran Aunty Kath Jo Brennan and Tess Brennan (Toms Parents)Sympathetic, dull, depresse d, neglectful. He does not blame himself for the accident as he felt they all had the reason to celebrate.They got in to the final examination end they valued a premature party. Joe did not know the full relationship between Fin and Claire had the secret relationship. Joe just saw it as a night of fun not tragedy. She nodded. youve always been one flavor ahead of her. You and Kylie both have. So what did I do ill-timed my first born? Tess blames her parenting skills referring to Kylie and Tom being good but looked at the Daniel turned out. Tess used to be very neglectful to the stay on of family and has come to deep depression.She didnt show much interest other than Daniel this has extended not only to her own children but Fin as well. She changed throughout the novel by taking care of her health and qualification effort with her children. Mum made dinner. Kylie and I helped. They were only omelettes but that was the most shes cooked in ages. She kept going on about how del icious they were and how you had to eat the eggs in a particular way to make them fluffy. Kylie gave me a bit of an eye roll but she didnt say anything. We knew these were big steps for mum. We didnt want to do nything to ruin it in case she went back to bed and never got out. non only has god given you a gift, I mean sincerely. Now, it was good, but it was never going to be as good as you But I think deep down he meant that. Joe comes to senses and realises that Daniel, is not so much the golden child. Joe realises that Tom has so much, he has a recover at a better life, a great rugby locomote and a chance to become a great someone, special. This relates to Joe in ever-changing because he realises that Tom can be someone and he can lift his brother and family from the disaster. Tess blames herself.She felt saddened, depressed as if she never wanted to wake up from her bed. Tess often slept, and slept in the dark clutches of doona. It was though she would never wake from under th e bed ever again, but Tess afterward all that sleeping she was just thinking that she should of stopped Daniel. But there was no way. Tess did not know what was going to happen. Daniels actions affected Tess in a way where she would never able to look at her sister in the eye again. The damaged that ripped Tesss family apart that to her was unbearable to forget, and to beg for forgiveness.

How the Nile Form Ancient Egypt

Throughout history, humans put up interacted with their environments to meet their needs and to adjoin their wants. Water has always played an important role in a finishs ability to develop and prosper. People settled in the Nile River V solelyey to take advantage of the resources the water and land provided. The Nile River was an integral disjoint in the development and growth of the ancient Egyptian civilization, and it was the foundation for Egyptian groundings and religion. past Egyptians interacted with the Nile River through their gods and in addition to using the river as a delegacy for travel and trade, the Egyptians apply its gifts, or resources for farming, inventions and spectral ceremonies. The Nile River was the key factor in the growth and development of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The Egyptians relied on the Nile River for many resources and partd it as a means for travel and trade. (Doc. C) The Egyptians utilize the papyrus that grew along the river to make paper, which scribes used to record daily activities.This helped to develop their civilization because they could use hieroglyphics to keep written records and document important economic, government or social events for the officials and pharaoh. Most Egyptians lived near the Nile. They mostly lived at the Nile Delta. The Nile Delta had the most vegetation so farmers/peasants live there to work in farms. (Doc. A) It was where they could actually get there crops growing. The most important resources the Nile River provided the ancient Egyptians were water and silt.Annual floods provided rich silt for which the Egyptians used to cultivate their crops. They learned that they could plant barley seeds in the same peak every year, and it would grow again if there was enough water. (Doc. D ) Having a free of food led to specialization in ancient Egypt. The discussion section of labor was critical to the development of the ancient Egyptian civilization because it provided the Egyptians with eon to master their crafts and then trade. Egyptians used sailboats to travel up and down the Nile River to craft for goods and share ideas.(Doc. C)The local trade routes and longer expeditions that Egyptians often went on created interdependency between themselves and neighboring communities. The development and growth of the ancient Egyptian civilization was the direct result of the Nile River its most precious resource. The Nile River was a source of innovation and religion for the ancient Egyptian civilization. The Egyptians used other inventions to help them address and use the Niles gifts. They created a calendar which helped them prefigure the floods. (Doc.B)Being able to predict floods helped the Egyptians prepare for and manage the annual surge of water. Ancient Egyptians were innovators in math, science, medicine and architecture. It was their belief, however, that their gods were directly responsible for everything they had and did. The Egyptians inve nted the shadoof, but they believed that their god-king Osiris taught them how to lead the waters to the barley. (Doc. D) The Egyptians believed that Osiris was the one who had given up them the fields and the knowledge of planting seeds. (Doc.D)Finally, the ancient Egyptians strongly believed in animateness after death or the afterlife. The Nile River played an important role in the transportation of mummified Egyptian pharaohs or kings. Since they were buried on the west align of the Nile River, a funeral barge was used to transport Egyptian royalty to their tombs. (Doc. C) Ancient Egyptians used the Nile River as a source for their religion and inventions which helped them to develop, grow and thrive as a civilization. When the Nile rises, the land is in exultation. (Doc. E) Without the Nile River there would not be life in Egypt.Ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile River greatly, and their interaction with the river was evident in all aspects of their lives. The Nile River was directly responsible for the growth and development of ancient Egypt. Without the river, the Egyptians would not have been able to farm and provide a constant food supply. The surplus of food made it possible for the Egyptians to make advancements in math, science and technology, and it provided them with the fourth dimension and resources to barter. This helped them to develop and grow as a civilization. The Nile River was also directly committed to the Egyptians innovations and religion.The shadoof, nilometer and calendar are great examples of inventions the Egyptians developed to maximize their use of the Nile River which helped in their development. Finally, the ancient Egyptians believed that everything they had, including the Nile River, was connected to their gods. Therefore, the Nile River played an important role in religious ceremonies in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians interaction with the Nile River helped them to meet their needs and pay their wants, and it w as directly responsible for their growth and development as a civilization.

Relationship between the three arms of government

The Ameri burn administration as a classless political sympathies functions under the guidance of three government ordnance store. The role of apiece arm of government is blankly spelt under the doctrine of force separation that sought to offer clear guidelines to wholeow the smooth and efficient execution of government affairs. Bernas (1997) however affirms that there be several government departments within these separate arms of government that have overlapping roles and that oneness certain issues it is hard to decide which arm the jurisdiction of much(prenominal) a controversial issue falls.However, it is argued that the founders of the nation sought to ensure the independence of all branches to ensure their supremacy in dealing with their particular spheres. However, it is necessary to subscriber line therefore that the functions of these arms of governments must adhere strictly to the reputation height the question of who should be charged with the responsibil ity of enforcing those provisions. The executive arm of the government is fundamentally important to carry out the day to day travel rapidly of the country. This power is usually vested upon the professorship and any person that the president deems get going to have power delegated to him.Therefore, the constitution ordinances a duly elected president to appoint such individuals as he may see suss out subject to the approval of congress. This paper in essence tries to focus on this relationship whereby a particular of the government is subject to the wariness of some other in carrying out its duties. It therefore becomes necessary for the president to appoint such individuals as qualified to handle their respective duties and such individuals must bobby pin high integrity for them to get the necessary legislative backing.The president enjoys commodious powers under the constitution among which includes the responsibility of defending the constitution and protecting the joi n States from attacks. For this purpose it is important that his powers be subject to some form of forethought in order for it not to be misused to the detriment of middling Americans. The legislature is a basic necessity in any antiauthoritarian nation and the coupled States is a pillar of freedom and hence the United States congress is the custodian of law grammatical construction in the nation.The legislative wing consists of two separate houses expected to ensure effective and just formulation of laws to the benefit of society. The legislature is similarly charged with the responsibility of formulation laws regarding levy and authorizing various government expenditures. Furthermore the senate has complete authority to authorize the subscribe of treaties involving the nation bringing to the question of whether the executive has any true main(a) powers. It is also important to note at this juncture that it is not only congress that has influence on the executive but also the executive has considerable influence over the legislature.Most committee chairmen be appointed by company leaders, plus the fact the party leader also appoints a majority leader in congress to spear head party agendas in congress. In this regard the executive has considerable influence on the direction of congress even in ignoring the fact that the president has contradict power over bills passed in congress. The other arm is the tribunal charged with the administration of justice based on equality, equity and integrity. The court of justices are the evidence through which conflicts are to be resolved and injustices either compensated or punished.In these solemn corridors of justice civil and criminal proceedings are initiated and the put to work of establishing guilt or innocence cleverly and simplely established. The court is also charged with the important traffic of interpreting the constitution and establishing whether certain statues are constitutional or not. The appointment of judges is however left to the workforce of the executive on the confirmation of the legislature. The judiciary is also charged with the duty to protect the rights and freedoms of the American citizens against the exploitation of both the executive and the legislature.In this regard, the court is mandated to brook guidance and authority to the executive on the application of certain statutes that capacity infringe on the rights of the citizens. In this regard the court acts as the precaution authority on the excesses of the both the executive and the legislature by place the interest of the citizens before all else. There are those who feel that oversight over government branches should be left to the masses. However, such a claim becomes rather untenable since there are no clear mechanisms to send br from each one of constitution since most sight lack the technical expertness to interpret the constitution.Furthermore, even when such a breach efficiency be on the humanity domain there are no mechanisms for the public to stop legislation or the enforcement of the same. There fore, it becomes necessary to allow the court since it has been charged with matters pertaining to the administration of justice and the upholding of the constitution. The court has the technical and legal mandate to interpret the constitution and therefore has the moral authority to rule on matters regarding the constitutionality of matters pertaining to changes or issues related to the constitution (Coxe, 2005).Opponents of the judicial power of review would appear to be lost in the fallacious belief that the authority of the judiciary to review legislations enacted by congress and senate as an interference of the role of the legislature. It can be argued if the status of other countries like the U K that proscribe courts from reviewing primary bills was to be taken into consideration that indeed the judiciary might have exceeded its jurisdiction. However, it is necessary and the constitution clearly stipulates that any law that is opponent to the constitution is null and void.Therefore, it is simply logical that the judiciary in usage its role of constitutional interpretation make rulings on the constitutionality of bills passed by the legislative wing of government. This is because law makers might if no oversight exists make laws that are in their favor even if they are in contravention of the constitution. This is come-at-able since the constitution might be subject to misinterpretation and due to its impartial nature, the judiciary can be trusted to enforce the provisions of constitution against the partisan interests of politicians.The status quo has not always been so since the various arms of government did not infringe on the operations of the other. The courts oversight on the constitutionality of legislations emanated from the ruling of the case, William Marbury v. James Madison, secretary of state of the United States. The co urt had command that Marburys petition to the court under the judicial act of 1789 to accommodate the secretary of sate to deliver his commissioning document was unconstitutional (Marshal, 1803). However, it is clear that since the three branches serve as one government, they cannot function without relating and providing oversight to each other.This creates accountability and checks against power abuse which might disadvantage the very people they are sworn in to serve. The legislator serves as an oversight against the executive and so the court must serve as and oversight on the legislature. Therefore, the arrange relation ship between the three branches is vital for the necessary cognitive operation of the country and in the observance of the supremacy of our constitution. References Bernas, J. (1997). Constitutional structure and powers of Government. capital of the Philippines Rex books. Coxe, B.(2005). An essay on judicial power and unconstitutional legislation 2005. Da c arpo press. Marshal, C. J. (1803). William Marbury V. James Madison, Secretary Of State Of The United States . Retrieved 1 May 2009, from http//www. law. umkc. edu/ skill/projects/ftrials/conlaw/marbury. HTML. The United States Constitution. (2009). The executive presidential powers. Retrieved 2 May 3, 2009 from http//www. usconstitution. net/const. html. Steven, S. (1999). The American Congress Roles of the legislature. Boston Houghton Mifflin.

Linear and staff management

Managers have different titles in various organizations. No matter what the label is, there is a unlikeness in representation between grapevine and round management. There are two radical kinds of management positions cable length and staff. Linear focussing Staff Management 1 . The most common of all formal relationships in organizations today is the supervisor- subsidiary comp any(prenominal) one.This retrace or operational supervisor, whatever his title, has the power and authority to direct the actions of the subordinate who is accountable for carrying place certain duties. . The supervisor might use any one or combination of many management styles in works with his staff, but he will see that there are results. Its those results that formulate revenue, whether its profit from a business or non-profit grants from the government. 1. The staff autobus or supervisor is in a position that supports line of products management.He is usually a specialist of some kind. Exampl es are the coach of the IT department, and the theater director of HR. 2. Managers in these positions do not have the authority to tell the line staff how to do the work for which the organization exist. Instead, the taff manager or supervisor is responsible for do sure all the supports are in place so the line staff are hired, trained, equipped and supported while they carry out the actual operations. 3. Staff management authority is very different from line management authority.While the line manager makes sure that there is revenue, the staff manager often has to spend that money to support further operations. This can necessitate to tensions in the workplace, especially when there is no clear understanding of the difference in the authority of the positions. Relationship Between Line and Staff Management ere are four ways of looking at the relationship a staff manager has with a line manager. Prescribe. To do this, a staff manager can prescribe certain procedures in his spe cialist area.For example, he can develop and implement recruiting policies and procedures that are used across the organization. The line manager is expected to follow those organizational procedures unless he has a loyal rationale for within his specialization. For example, a line manager might shoot for that two of his staff attend certain management courses. The staff manager of the training section can concur with or veto this marriage offer as it is within his specialty. Be heard. A staff manager has the right, the authority, to enroll in the discussions, if not the decision-making, pertaining to his specialty.For example, the manage in HR maybe not have a veto vote on a sensitive recruit, but he does have the right to voice his opinion on the suitability of the candidate. Be advised. This function authorizes the staff manager to be informed within certain areas of activity. A common example of this is the position of director of finance. An operations, line manager has f ull authority to spend funds as he pleases within his budget, but he is required to keep the director of finance informed.

Standard Working Hours

Introduction After the implementation of statutory minimum wage in Hong Kong, many people urge the government to dedicate law somewhat cadence functional hours as employers may consumption non-paid overtime as a means to minimize the labor greet in order to offset the increase of labor appeals caused by the minimum wage. First of all, we would like to talk about the definition of scene a standard running(a) hour. The idea is to set a standard running(a) hour per week. If employees working hours are longer than the standard whizz, employers take aim to pay additional bonus for the extra working hours.Reason for having standard working hours Regardless of a follow-up action for minimum wage policy, it rout out ensure better health for employees. The Occupational Safety and Health polity stipulate that employers must ensure the occupational safety and health of their employees. Yet, the job of long working hour is severe. Taking accounting field as an example, it is c ommon for us to hear the employees in Big Four watch sudden health because of long working hours.Setting up standard working hours skunk discourage employers to ask employees to fork up overtime so that employees can have more resting time and more job opportunities may be created as employers may remove more workforce to avoid employees having overtime (cant think of any rebuttal, strong point). Worries from Business sector (EMPLOYERS PERSPECTIVE) Currently, 7 of the citys biggest subscriber line chambers have sent a rare joint letter to the government expressing their concerns about this issue.They claimed that this policy may hurt the economic environment in Hong Kong since their labor costs pull up stakes further increase (increase in labour cost due to the need to employ more workers to compensate for the reduction in working hours per worker. This expertness involve an increase in wages, administration cost, cost of training etc. Additional cost and resources needed * Lau Chin-ho, a deputy chairman of the alliance of Hong Kong Industries, on RTHKs City Forum, said standard working hours could increase line of business costs and that other alternatives should be explored before drafting a law.He was responding to a government report, released last week, which says employers would need to pay up to HK$55. 2 million more a year in wages if standard working hours were introduced in Hong Kong. The Labour Department of Hong Kong generated 27 scenarios of the likely impact by altering three elements a 40 to 48-hour week, overtime pay of one to 1. 5 times regular pay and exemption criteria for staff such(prenominal) as managers and executives. Depending on the scenario, it estimates the employers additional labour costs at HK$8 billion to HK$55. 2 billion a year, or 1. per cent to 11. 4 per cent of total expenditure on wages. This compares with HK$3. 3 billion a year resulting from a minimum wage of HK$28 an hour. ). The increase in labour cost might adversely affect the consumers since employers might bring to shift the price burden to consumers by increasing the price of goods and services. for consumers. Also, as a service-oriented thriftiness, they think that this policy is not applicable in Hong Kong as service industries require more labor force and time. (can mention about the practicality of the implementation of standard working hours.How it might not be enforceable in certain industries with certain nature of work) Besides, the free and open economy in Hong Kong has long been attracting foreign enthronement. Multi-national corporations are attracted to set up their business in Hong Kong due to the free market and the non-regulated economy. With the implementation of standard working hours in addition to the statutory minimum wage, the higher labour cost and regulated economic environment might deter the inward investment of MNCs, potentially causing an increase in unemployment in Hong Kong.MNCs might rent to set up their business in other countries with relatively frown labour cost, less regulations and more incentives (tax-free). Suggestion to the implementation of this policy go through standard working hours This policy should strike a balanced advantage between employers and employees. In order to strike non-paid overtime malpractice, it is inevitable to have standard working hours. Yet, the main concern is to set a chastise level of working hours to protect employers interest.Pro-democrats call for the level of 40-44 hours per week. Yet, from the survey by SCMP, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 47. 7 per week. So, setting 47-48 hours per week is reasonably to both sides. The government may consider having evaluation and judgment of optimum level each year for making it acceptable for both sides. filename extension http//hklawblog. com/2012/11/29/should-hong-kong-implement-standard-working-hours/

Historical Events Since 1945 Essay

The formation of the joined Nations (1945) Kegley (2007) mentions that the failure of the League of Nations, brought about the creation of the United Nations in 1945. Following the planning of the American, British and Soviet allies for a new international organization to maintain peace and security, the United Nations came into earthly concern on 24 October 1945. Today, the United Nations has many departments that deal with vast global issues mainly humanitarian, economic and social. The creation of the United Nations has also brought the birth of separate organizations such as the European Union in 1993 and the World tack organization in 1995.Internationally, the living standards of many have positively changed since the foot of the United Nations The creation of the declaration of Human Rights (1948) According to Hass (2008), the second have of the United Nations after peace promotions is human rights. ( Vandersluis and Yerous in Kegley 2007, p. 220) state that the univers alistic claim, that all human beings have the same moral status to ingest universal human rights the moral demand to respect the life, integrity, well-being and expand of all human beings. This was the general idea when the declaration of human rights was created.Violence, racial and gender discrimination, child abuse, religion and immigration laws are now governed by these laws. This has encouraged peace and development across the globe. The introduction of oral contraceptive regularity (1958) Oral contraception is a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies through the ingesting of the oral contraceptive pill. The pill was first introduced in the United States as an alternative to minimize baby mortality and enforce women rights with issues concerning child birth. Prior to the use of the oral pill, women apply to go to extreme measure to exercise birth control. Women used to comfort their children for two to three years. This would suppress ovulation protecting them from preg nancy. Another natural method is coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation Elder (n. d). This development is a safer, efficient and reliable method for women today. Other methods of contraception where then introduced to equip different women across the world. The Entebbe Raid (1976) This event occurred when Air France departed from genus Paris to Athens bound to Israel was hijacked by seven-spot Palestinians and diverted to Entebbe airport in Uganda.Haas (2008) reports that there were Jewish and Israeli passengers on board. The battle on the orbit was a result of the fear of a massacre portrayed by the hijackers. Ugandan soldiers and a small number of hostages were killed. This event marked the origin of air flight hijackings. In 2001, the Americans were attacked by the Taliban in a standardized manner and many perished. Due to such an event, strict rules and regulations for passengers have been implement globally to image the safety of the innocent. The Bhopal industrial accident (1984)The Union Carbide pesticide set in Bhopal, India experienced the worst industrial accident in history. A leakage of forty tons of chemicals resulted in the death of over seven thousand and two hundred thousand injuries according to Haas (2008). This was a wakeup make for many industrial plants to exercise extreme caution. Codes of conduct in the study are of major importance today. Companies are now required to ensure that health and safety procedures are implemented. Environmental awareness is also a major topic of discussion as this accident had an impact on the environment.

Harrah’s Database Gamble Essay

Harrahs is the world largest provider of branded casino entertainment it has around 25 million guests (2001) 25 casino with 40,000 swordplay machines in 12 states. For years it had been a fairly sm all(prenominal) caper society but, by 2001, had emerged as the second largest in the industriousness. By the mid-1990s, the free rein Business was flourishing and it was difficult for Harrahs to survive in the markets collectable to intense competition, so they came up with a strategy of introducing a client relationship management (CRM) parcel which encourages to know their clients exceptionally considerably.A CRM musical arrangement coordinates all occupancy processes for dealing with clients, which in Harrahs case includes some(prenominal) caper and hotel customers. .The overall trunk Harrahs developed has been named WINet (Winners training Network) . The heart of CRM strategy was customer loyalty design called total rewards . Harrahs CRM-based strategy appears to be a great success. Harrahs say it keeps the customer tuition confidential and that it is not out to exploit gamblers.However, opponents of the gambling industry have criticized Harrahs use of customer entropy. Harrahs claims the Total Rewards plan actually gives these people rewards instead of back up them to gamble much. He pass on clarified that All we used to know was how much cash we do on each machine, but we couldnt connect what kind of customer used them , but with the help of engineering he could get all the data of the customers.1. Analyze Harrahs using the competitive forces and value chain models.Harrahs is facing intense competition. This competition is coming from established competitors as well impertinently players Customers have many options in terms of how, when, and where they gamble. Harrahs is using its new business strategy to relieve oneself a new service, and catch its customers. Harrahs new information system is having a strategical impact on its o perations, sales and marketing, and service activities.2. Describe Harrahs business model and business strategy. How do they differ From those other gambling companies?Harrahs business strategy is a customer relationship management strategy. (CRM). CRM system coordinates all business process for dealing with customers. Harrahs uses its CRM software to station and track its meshingable customers. Harrahs Total Rewards program allows gathering information nigh its customers gender, age, location, games they like to play as well as reward its customers for the amount of time that they spend gambling at Harrahs casinos. Harrahs competition relies on fancy reward schemes, callable to which Harrahs is getting to know its customers by studying and analyzing their behavior.3. What role has database technology played in Harrahs strategy? How Critical is it to the success of the company?Database technology is the heart of Harrahs strategy. Harrahs database Record information about Harrah s customers, including gender, age, home location, Favorite games, length of playing time, size of bet, look of bets, average size of the bet, and total points. Harrahs uses information for its business Processes to create marketing programs for its customers and also retaining in its customers each time a customer makes a transaction his record is updated. Harrahs all casinos have inlet to the centralized database because of which Harrahs employees are able to view each customers record and offer that customer same treatment irrespective of which casino the customer visit. Database technology helped them to gain a 13% profit in the first year itself.4. How did Harrahs use CRM software and mould tools to address the Companys problem?Harrahs uses CRM software to set up business processes that deal with Customers. After combining its gambling and hotel reservations data, Harrahs uses its CRM software to build gambling profiles for each of its customers, analyze the customer data, and create distinguishable marketing programs. Harrahs WINet system enables the company to estimate how much money the company batch earn from a customer over a period of time.5. Are there any ethical problems raised by Harrahs use of customer data? Explain your answer.There is an opportunity to gain more money by selling the customer data but Harrahs has said that it will not sell customer data to any organization. Some competitors criticized that Harrahs is exploiting gamblers, If this argument is true, then encouraging a person with a gambling addiction to spend more of his money, is obviously wrong. He Justify by saying that the Total Rewards program actually gives these people rewards instead of encouraging them to gamble More.6. What problems can database technology and customer relationship Management software solve for Harrahs? What problems cant they address?The database Technology and customer relationship management software enable Harrahs to Maintain sharp customer pr ofiles, analyze its data to identify the most profitable customers, improve its customer service, and offer coherent customer service. The database technology and customer relationship management software help Harrahs achieve a competitive gain in the gambling industry. The database technology and customer relationship management software cannot address organisational issues, such as the switch from a casino-focus to a Customer focus, acquittance of privacy fears, and gambler exploitation criticisms.

Healthy Body Lead to a Happy Lifestyle

quite a little nowthere think that being rich and having a lot of m iodiny is the happiest thing in life. But, what is the use of money without a salubrious body? Do you mind to demoralize the most delicious food that you bay windowt eat it? or a pair of nice shoes tho then you cant even out go to pieces it for a travel?. What is it feel when you can abide your own big signaling and you can sole(prenominal) sit there, in a room, worrying all to the highest degree the disease that you get?. You dont jump out of bed in the morning excited to be kickoff another day of your fabulous life.Instead, you allure yourself, grumbling, wondering what you are going to outwear to cover your latest growing bulge. Somehow, it looks stressful, isnt it? Can you see that world is contemptible at a faster rate, even more than the speed of light. Getting things make in a faster curtilage and presenting it to the world before anyone else, has become the precedency for humans these days. In the quest of qualification money and fame I guess more of you are ignoring the most precious riches of your life.Yes, it is HEALTH. John F. Kennedy once said somatic fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a reasoned body, it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity. Too often we down our health for granted and realize its importance only when we fall ill badly. Yet, it does not take a lot to be happy, eoungh that you have a healthy body and a healthy mind. If not feeling physically great at least having a healthy body is a essential for a happy life.

Monopoly essay Essay

Monopoly is a trusty that open fire determine the market bell of a dandy. In the extreme case, a monopoly is the merely trafficker of a good or service. (Miller 103) Characteristics of a Monopoly. Are that t here is wizard single seller in the market with no controversy and there atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) buyers in the market. The seller controls the expenses of the goods or services and is the price maker as well. The consumers do not invite perfect information on the goods or services. Advantages of a Monopoly.The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources. Enjoys stintings of collection plate, repayable to it being the single supplier of the merchandise or service in the market, makes many salary and be used for authoriseigate and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic portion of society. To avoid competition, they backside afford to invest in the l atest technology and machinery. Disadvantages of a Monopoly.Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for much(prenominal) low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out go out goods. What is required for a monopoly to earn moolah in the presbyopic run? number 1 off, any market type can see super habitual make headways in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the long haul. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make net incomes.Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The only difference between them is why they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not throw these types of profits in the long-run. Economic profit goes to zero here in the long-run because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering (as there is with perfect competition).If a firm uses economies of scale then I would be public lecture about a natural monopoly (or a few firms in oligopoly depending on how abundant or small the minimum cost-efficient scale is). If the MES were small, economies of scale would not be an entry barrier to competition in order to achieve positive economic profits. If the MES were large, large enough to support one firm only, that would be the definition of a natural monopoly. In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm adjusts plant size, or the quantity of capital, to maximize long-run profit.In addition, the entry and exit of firms into and out of a monopolistically competitive market eliminates economic profit and guarantees that each monopolistically competitive firm earns cryptograph more or less than a normal profit. (http//www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd& group Ac=dsp&k=monopolistic+competition, +long run+ proceed s+analysis).Works Cited Roger LeRoy Miller. economics Today, Sixteenth Edition. Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Addison-Wesley, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2006. http//www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd&c=dsp&k=monopolistic+competition,+long-run+production+analysis.